Glycoprotein hormone alpha & beta chains

update: 22May06   « page_foot 
 GLASGOW University,   1994.
 Joseph Black Chair of Protein Crystallography

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The structure of the Glyco Protein used by Simeons was first determined in Glasgow at 3.0Ang resolution.
Each molecule has two beta-hairpin loops on one side of a central cystine knot and a long loop on the other.
REFERENCES
 95 ) Structural and molecular studies of human chorionic gonadotropin
 96 ) Molecular Structure of Gonadotropins
 97 ) Glycoprotein hormones, Gonadotropin sequences;  A discussion of the alpha subunit (generic) and the beta subunits (specific)

Glycoprotein hormone alpha chains, 35 species

Luteinizing hormone beta chains.

Gonadotropin I/II beta chains.

HCG is a big molecule. Molecular weight is expressed in the unit "Dalton", Da, often in kiloDaltons, kDa. One Dalton is defined as one-twelfth the weight of a carbon atom C, isotope carbon-12. The molecular weight of HCG is about 36.7 kDa. Lit.: Property of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin  128)
HCG must be handled with care to prevent untimely falling apart of this big molecule.
Risk areas are: storing at wrong temperature and dissolving. HCG in dried powder form has a long "shelf life", this is reduced to days (depending on storage temperature) in a physiological salt solution.
Some related Glycoprotein hormones are Follitropin (FSH), Lutropin (LSH), Thyrotropin (TSH) and Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG). Of these only CG is available in very large quantity because every pregnant woman as a rule produces several hundred thousend International Units IU per 24 hours in her seventh to twelfth week.
Naturely a hormone "A" needs a receptor hormone "A" to act properly. It is because of the above mentioned relation that hormones of the range may produce some effect when a hormone "B" meets a receptor hormone "A" of the range. This clearly is an inappropriate combination. The three-dimensional form of hormone "B" will differ from that of hormone "A" and therefore will not properly fit the 3-d form of receptor-hormone "A".
Moreover the electric surface potential will be differently spread over the surface of hormone "B" and will not match the opposite surface-potential of receptor hormone "A".
Thus the "hit rate" of "B" to "A" will be low compared to the hit rate for an appropriate couple "A" to "A". However the superfluous availability of Chorionic Gonadotropine makes it very tempting to exploit the inappropriate combination. A way to overcome the low hit rate is to increase the dosis substantially.
Regular administering of a hormone "B" for (overdosed) "B"-"A" hormone-hormonereceptor combinations requires the consent of medical authorities.
The so called "Simeons cure" is a lowdosed "A"-"A" hormone-hormonereceptor application.
  Glyco Protein as used for a Simeons treatment is processed by pharmaceutical companies like                                    
Schering (Primogonyl),  Serono (Pregnesin, in UK: Profasi),  Squib (Follutein),  AMSA-IBSA (Gonasi HP), 
Ferring (Brevactid, Choragon, Novarel), Parke-Davis (Antuitrin S), Pfizer Wyeth-Ayerst (APL).                    
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Simeons' Glyco Protein Molecular Pictures

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